;+uLtdf cfGbf]ng
b't]Gb| rflDnª
cNa6{ cfOG:6fOgn] u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] t/Ë /
k|zf/0f;DaGwL eljiojf0fL u/]sf] Ps ;o aif{kl5 ;g\ @)!^ df cGttM pQm eljiojf0fL
;xL lgl:sPsf] ;dfrf/n] ;+;f/nfO{ t/lËt agfof] .
ljleGg cfGbf]ng, kl/jt{g / cfljisf/n] ;+uLtdf
ulx/f] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L
;+uLtnfO{ WjgLx?sf] Jojl:yt ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf dfq a'‰g] b[li6sf]0fn] ;+uLtnfO{
cfGbf]ng, kl/jt{g / cfljisf/af6 ;w}+ 6f9f k'of{p“5 / Tof] eg]sf] cGttM ;+uLtaf6}
6f9f k'Ug' xf] . jf:tjdf ;+uLt Tof] ;+1fg xf] h;n] x/]s k|lsofx?nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;Dej t'Nofp“5 . ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ng klxrfg ug{
g;s]sf] d"No dflg;n] lx+8\bf lx+8\b} n8]af6
ltl//x]sf] x'G5 . k|:t/ o'ub]lv dfgj ;dfh ;Eotfsf] k|of0fsf/L lznlznfaf6 cl3
a9\b} oxf“ cfOk'u]sf] 5 . o;df ;+uLtsf] b]g 5 . xfdLn] s'g} aLp /f]Kof}+ / To;af6 lj?jf
pld|of] . Tof] Pp6f lglb{i6 ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] sf/0faf6 ;Dej ePsf]
xf] . aLp Pp6f lj?jf aGg] lgisif{df ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f lglZrt
åGåo'Qm >[+vnfsf] Jojl:yt k|lsofn] kf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . k|s[ltsf] ;+Zn]if0f g}
;+uLt xf] . åGå ljsNksf] cfu|xaf6 ;'? x'G5 / To;sf] cf}lrTo csf]{ kl/is[t
åGåsf] txdf k'u]af6 k'i6L x'G5 . åGådf cGtlg{lxt hlt klg k|lsofx? x'G5g\
ltgLx?n] ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] pTs[i6 5gf}6åf/f k|of0fsf/L k|j[ltnfO{
wf/0f u5{g\ / aLpnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f u/L lj?jf x'g] k|lsofnfO{
;Dej t'Nofp“5g\ . ;+uLt lgisif{ leqsf] k|lsof xf] / k|lqmof leqsf] Jojl:yt lgisif{
xf] .
lglZrt, lgwf{l/t / lglb{i6 nIo / p2]Zo;Dd
k'¥ofpg] åGåx?af6 l;lh{t ;+uLtsf] k|f]u];g g} ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ng xf] h;nfO{
lglb{i6 ?kdf k|of0fsf/L agfpg gf]6];gx? lgwf{l/t ul/G5g\ . ;+uLtsf/n] Pp6f
lglb{i6 / lglZrt cy{ / p2]Zo;lxt ljrf/ / efjgfx?sf] cGtj{:t' dfkm{t l;h{gfnfO{
cufl8 a9fp“5 . ;+uLtsf/n] ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngdf cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ a9L eGbf
a9L ult lbP/ cufl8 n}hfg] x'gfn] ;+uLtsf] cGtj{:t' ;a}eGbf j9L ;+uLtdf
cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngdf d'vl/t x'G5 . s'g} klg ;+uLtsf] rl/q, efj, ljrf/ / To;sf]
;Dk"0f{ cGtj{:t' klxrfg ug{' To; ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngnfO{ ulx/f] u/L
;'Gg' cfjZos x'G5 .
cf}Bf]lus qmflGt / ;+uLt
a]nfotaf6 ;'? ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGt qmdzM
;g\ !&^) b]lv !*$) ;Dd ;+;f/el/ km}lnof] . o; qmflGtsf] d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb'
o'/f]k ePsf]n] o;nfO{ o'/f]ksf ;+uLt1x?n] c?n] eGbf a9L glhsaf6 af]w ug]{ cj;/
kfP . l;Dkmf]gLsf] ;'?jft cf}Bf]lus qmflGtcl3 eP klg ;dosf] cfjfhnfO{ d'vl/t
ug]{ ;Gbe{sf] sf/0fn] o;sf] ;'?jft cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] ;donfO{ lnOG5 .
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtcl3sf l;Dkmf]gLdf tLg cf]6f d'ed]G6x? x'Gy] . hj cf}Bf]lus
qmflGt ;'? eof] To;n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf k|efj
dfkm{t dflg;x?sf] kfl/:kl/s ;DaGw, r]tgf, ;+j]u, hLjgz}nL, sfo{z}nL, oftfoft, Jofkf/,
s[lif k|0ffnL, ju{x?sf] ljefhg, zx/Ls/0f, ufp“ / zx/jLrsf] ljefhg, kof{j/0f
cflbdf cfd'n kl/jt{g NofPsf]n] To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ d'ntM xfO8g, df]hf6{ /
ljyf]j]gn] l;Dkmf]gLdf rf}yf] d'ed]G6nfO{ k|lji6L lbP . l;Dkmf]gLsf rf/
d'ed]G6x?dWo] klxnf]n] :km'tL{ /
hLjGttf, bf];|f]n] ;':t tyf nofTds, t];|f]n] phf{zLn g[To / rf}yf]n] pT;fx,
dgf]/~hg / hLjGttfh:tf d'Vo k|j[ltnfO{ ;d]65g\ . rf}yf] d'ed]G6 cf}Bf]lus
qmflGtn] u/]sf] cfljisf/n] dflg;df NofPsf] pxfkf]x, pdË / pNnf;sf] pkh xf] .
xfO8gsf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= ($ sf] bf];|f]
d'ed]G6df l;Dkmf]gLsf] h'g :6«f]s 5, Tof] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk|ltsf] k|ltlqmof xf]
h;n] d'ntM ;qf}+ ztfAbLsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] ;dLIff / c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] cf}Bf]lus
qmflGtsf] rl/qnfO{ JoQm ub{5 . df]hf6{sf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= $) b|'tultsf]
cfGbf]ngsf ;fy ;'? x'G5 / Pp6f lglZrt cGt/fndf uP/ ;':t x'g'cl3 pbf;L,
lj/f]wfefif / sf}t'xntfh:tf cGtj{:t'sf ;fy cl3 a9\5 . of] k|lqmof klxnf]
d'ed]G6el/ w]/} rf]6L bf]xf]l/G5 . o; l;Dkmf]gLdf ljleGg ;]S;gx?sf] o:tf]
k|lqmofa4 cfGbf]ngx?sf] >[+vnf to ul/Psf] 5 ls To;n] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk|lt
dflg;x?sf] wf/0ff, ljrf/ / k|ltlqmofnfO{ JoQm u/]sf] 5 .
ljyf]j]gsf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= % o;/L ;'? x'G5
ls dfgf}+ gof“ o'usf] 3f]if0ff x'“b}5 . dflg;x? h'n'; nfp“b} dfr{ kf; ub}{ glhs glhs cfp“b}5g\ . ;+uLtdf
cfGbf]ng o;/L pTsif{;lxt cufl8 a9\5 ls k|To]s kfOnfdf gofF s'/fsf] pb\3f6g x'“b}5 . >f]tfx?
tL dflg;x? x'g\ h;n] Tof] lbg x]g{nfO{ cw}o{tfsf ;fy w]/} cl3b]lv klv{/x]sf lyP
. o;sf] ;'?s} df]l6km olt eJo 5 ls Tof] PSsf;L p7\5 . Tof] ;+uLtsf] o'/]sf xf]
. o;n] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] cfd"n ?kfGt/0fnfO{ dfq ;Daf]wg ub}{g c? ;Defljt
gof“ lbgsf] pb\3f6gk|lt
klg ;+s]t ub{5 . o; l;Dkmf]gLdf p8ljG8; / l:6«ª;jLrsf] ;+jfb gof“ wf/0ff / k'/fgf]
wf/0ffjLrsf] åGå xf] h;sf] ;+3if{0faf6 gof“ o'u cufl8 a9\5 . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf]
pNnf;, pdË, pTk|]/0ff / pbfQtfnfO{ l;Dkmf]gLsf] Oltxf;d} klxnf] k6s l;Dkmf]gL
g+= ( sf] rf}yf] d'ed]G6df sf]/nsf] ;'?jft u/]/ ljyf]j]gn] afBoGqsf] ;dfgfGt/ dflg;sf]
cfjfhnfO{ cufl8 NofOlbP . of] dflg; cfkm}+n] cfljisf/ u/]sf] oGqsf]
ck"0f{tfsf] af]wsf] pkh lyof] . of] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk|ltsf] ljyf]j]gsf]
P]ltxfl;s k|ltlqmof lyof] . of] oGqk|ltsf] clws lge{/tfsf] sf/0fn] ag]sf]
k/lge{/ k|j[ltaf6 Jo“'emgsf] nflu ul/Psf] P]ltxfl;s cf≈jfg lyof] .
xfO8g, df]hf6{ / ljyf]j]gsf] l;Dkmf]gLx?df
cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngdf ;+uLtsf] eJo cfotg, tLj|tf, u'~hfO{sf] k|ltlaDa /
cfj[ltsf] h'g Jolt/]s 5 Tof] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk|lt dflg;x?sf] k|ltlqmofsf] pkh
xf] h;n] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk|ltsf] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt
cfGbf]ngsf] dfWodåf/f k'/f u/] . /
of] xfO8gsf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= ($, df]hf6{sf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= $) / ljyf]j]gsf]
l;Dkmf]gL g+= % df ;j}eGbf a9L nfu' x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtk5fl8sf] ;+3if{, pxfkf]x
/ r]tgf pgLx?sf] ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngx? x'g\ . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn]
;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts / kof{j/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] lrq0f /
To;k|ltsf] k|ltlqmof xfO8g, df]hf6{, layf]j]g, k|mfGh ;'j6{, ;f]k]+, l/rf8{
jfUg/ cflbsf] l;Dkmf]gLdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo ;dfg cGtj{:t'x? x'g\ .
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] ;dodf l;Dkmf]gLsf] /rgf ug]{ snfsf/x? k'“hLklts} ;flwGotfdf
/x] klg pgLx?sf] /rgfn] o'/f]ksf] ;dfhdf
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] k“'hLklt / >lds–sfdbf/jLr a9fp“b} uO/x]sf] vf8n,
cGt/lj/f]w / åGånfO{ ;3g agfpg] P]ltxfl;s sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf
5g\ .
cS6f]a/ qmflGt / ;+uLt
ægof“ o'un] gof“ w'gsf] dfu ub{5 .Æ eGg] ?;L pvfgaf6 g} xfdL /l;ogx?sf] ;+uLtk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0faf/]
yfxf kfp“5f}+ . ph]g
k'l6P/sf] zAb tyf lkP/] 8] u]o6/sf] ;+uLt /x]sf] …OG6/g]zgnÚnfO{ ;g\ !()@ df
csf{8L s6\;n] /l;og efiffdf cg'jfb u/] h;n] ;g\ !()% sf] klxnf] /l;og qmflGtsf]
cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'of{of] . tLg bh{g eGbf a9L efiffdf cg'jfb
ePsf] of] uLtsf] /l;og / lrlgof ;+:s/0f a9L k|of0fsf/L ;'lgg'sf] sf/0f 5 . of]
uLtn] /l;og / lrlgof“ ;+:s/0fdf ;+uLt ;+of]hg / ufogsf] ax':j/sf] k|ltlqmofsf]
dfWodåf/f r'gf}tL, ;+3if{, ;+sNk, ;kgf, kl/jt{g, b[9tf, k|lta4tf, cfzf / gof“ ;+;f/sf] Tof]
lIflth b]vfO{lbPsf] 5 ls pb\3f]if, pNnf;, pdË, pTk|]/0ff, pbj]u, pR5ngh:tf
;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] sf/0fn] ;'Gg] hf] sf]xLn] kl/jt{gsf]
k"jf{efifnfO{ glhs}af6 dxz'; ug{ ;Sb5g\ . /l;og ;+:s/0fsf] …OG6/g]zgnÚ uLt
Pp6f nfdf] cf/f]xsf] ;fy ;'? x'G5 h'g k|m]~r efiffdf ePsf] cf]l/lhgn uLtdf 5}g
. Tof] cf/f]x /l;og qmflGtdf ;xefuL dflg;x?sf] pNnf; xf] .
;]h]{O k|f]sf]lkmPen] l;Dkmf]gL g+= !
dfkm{t cS6f]a/ qmflGtnfO{ P]ltxfl;s ?kdf k|ltlqmof lbP h'g pgn] cS6f]a/ qmflGt ;DkGg
x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgfcl3 l;h{gf u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{ Pn]SHof08/ Unfh'gf]en] cS6f]a/
qmflGtsf] klxnf] lju'n eg]sf 5g\ .
8]en]kd]G6 ;]S;gdf klxnf] / bf];|f] lydsf] cg'qmdx?nfO{ ax'k|bz{gfTds
9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 h'g cS6f]a/ qmflGtsf] cGt/åGå / cGt/;+3if{ x'g\ . t];|f]
d'ed]G6 ldg'P6sf] ;fy ;'? x'G5 To;nfO{ ux|f}+ / 5nfªk"0f{ gfr -h;nfO{
u]ef]6 elgG5_ åf/f k|lt:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . d'ed]G6nfO{ cem k|efjzfnL agfpg' ld8n
;]S;gdf 8«f]g l6«of]sf] ;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 . lgsf]nfO{ Dof:sf]E:sLsf] ljrf/df of]
d'ed]G6 …pT;j cl3sf] a[xt tof/LÚ xf] . rf}yf]
d'ed]G6df cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngn] pNnf; / pdËx?sf] Tof] ljDj /rgf u/]sf] 5M
tLj| ultdf km"nx? kmlqm/x]sf 5g\ . lgnf] cfsfzd'lgsf] 8f“8fsf“8fdf k'tnLx? pl8/x]sf
5g\ . dhb'/–>ldsx? pdË / pNnf;sf ;fy sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . dflg;x? tLj|tfsf ;fy
gof“ gof“ s'/fsf] lgdf{0f
ul//x]sf 5g\ . >lds–dhb'/x?sf tL hf] lyP ;a} /rgfTdstf, l;h{gfTdstf /
lqmofzLntf ;a} rf}yf] d'ed]G6sf] cfGbf]ngn] phfuf/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf
/ ;fd'lxstfh:tf cGtj{:t'n] o; l;Dkmf]gLsf] df]8'n]zgnfO{ pdªudo / pNnf;do
agfPsf] 5 . o; l;Dkmf]gLsf] cfGbf]ng >lds–dhb'/x?sf] /rgfTdstf, >dk|ltsf]
;Ddfg, ;fd'lxstf, :jtGqtf / dfgjtfk|ltsf] k|lta4tfk|ltsf] cleJolQm xf] . rf}yf]
d'ed]G6df h'g cfGbf]ng 5 Tof] Psbd} km/s / gof“ 5 h;n] ;du| cS6f]a/ qmflGtsf]
cjZoDefjLtfk|lt ulx/f] / hf]8bf/ 9Ën] ;+s]t ub{5 . n]lggsf] cg';f/ ;+uLtsf]
dfWodåf/f ;]u]{O k|f]sf]lkmPen] k'/f u/]sf] …P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/LÚnfO{ ;flxTosf]
dfWodåf/f DoflS;d uf]sL{n] cS6f]a/ qmflGtsf] nflu k'/f u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s
lhDd]jf/L;“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 .
ldvfOn ldvfonler OKkf]lntf]e—Oefgf]e,
/]Ogxf]N8 lUnP/, lgsf]nfO{ Dof:sf]E:sL, ;]h]{O ofr{dflggckm, cn]SHof08/ Unfh'gf]e, ;]h]{O{
k|f]sf]lkmPe, bldlq zf]:tfsf]ler, cf/fd vfrft'of{g, Enflbld/ b]z]df]e, efgf]
d'/fb]nL, ufel/n kf]kf]e cflb h:tf sDkf]h/x?n] lgotL bz{gsf] lj/f]w,
cfGbf]ngsf] nflu pTk|]]]/0ff, :jKgzLntf, ;+3if{sf] clgjfo{tf h:tf ;+uLtdf
cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf] /rgf dfkm{t cS6f]a/ qmflGtsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
lbP . pgLx?sf] ;+uLtdf ;dfhjfbk|ltsf] k|lta2tf dfq 5}g Toxf“ ljsf; x'“b} u/]sf]
cfTds]lGb|t / ;j{;QfjfbL k|j[ltsf] cfnf]rgfsf] ;fy} ;dfhjfbL ;dfhsf] ;dLIff /
cfpg] ;dosf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] nflu ulx/f] cf≈jfg 5 .
bldlq zf]:tfsf]lersf] ;ftf}+ l;Dkmf]gLdf
>d / pTkfbgk|ltsf] ;Ddfg / ax'ufgsf] pNnf;h:tf cGtj{:t'lglxt cfGbf]ng 5 .
pgn] l;Dkmf]gL g+= !! df klxnf] /l;og qmflGtb]lv :6flngsf] zf;g;Ddsf] ;dLIff
u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] / bf];|f] d'ed]G6n] …ljG6/ Kofn];Údf hgj/L @@ df 36]sf]
…An8L ;G8]Úsf] j}rgLk"0f{ lg:tAwtfnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ub{5 . klxnf] ;]S;gn] tL
ljb|f]xLx?sf] jf/]df lrq0f u5{ h;n] ljG6/ Kofn];df ;/sf/sf] a9\b} uO/x]sf]
c;Ifdtf, e|i6frf/ / v/fa zf;g Joj:yfsf] cGTosf] dfu ub}{ k|bz{g u/]sf lyP .
t];|f] d'ed]G6 qmflGtsf/L cGTo]i7L k|bz{gdf ePsf] lx+;fk|ltsf] zf]s xf] . clGtd
d'ed]G6n] yk cfGbf]ngsf] nflu cfJxfg ub{5 . pgsf] l;Dkmf]gL g+= & nfO{
n]lggu|fb gfd lbOPsf] 5 h'g bf];|f] ljZj o'4tfsf ;f]leot ;+3dflysf] hd{gsf]
cfqmd0fk|ltsf] k|ltlqmof xf] h;df hd{gn] /l;ofdfly u/]sf] qm'/ xTof, lx++;f /
cfttfoL 36gfsf] lrq0fsf] ;fy} clGtd
d'ed]G6df ;f]leot ;+3sf] ljhosf] zfgbf/ pb\3f]if 5 . Tof] cS6f]a/ qmflGtn]
:yfkgf u/]sf] gof“ ;+;f/sf] k'ghf{u/0f xf] . bldlq zf]:tfsf]ler, ;]h]{O
k|f]sf]lkmPe, OKkf]lntf]e–Oefgf]e,
;]h]{O ofr{dflggckm, cn]SHof08/ Unfh'gf]e / cn]SHof08/ df];f]nf]eh:tf sDkf]h/n]
;f]leot ;+3sf] ;dfhjfbL zf;g Joj:yf / To;sf Jojxfl/s k|j[ltnfO{ ;+uLtdf
cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngåf/f cfnf]rgfTds k|ltlqmof lbP eg] 8]le8 r]gf]{df]lb{sf]e,
Enflbld/ luuf]{o]{ler hvf/f]e / n]e n]a]l8G:sLh:tf ;+uLt1x?n] ;dfhjfbL ;dfh,
:6flngsf] cfTds]lGb|t / ;j{;QfjfbL k|j[ltk|lt k|lta4 ;+uLtsf] ljsf;nfO{ cufl8
a9fO{ ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] cGt/åGå / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ ;3g agfpg of]ubfg lbP .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+uLtdf cfGbf]ng
ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8\g] xf] eg] ;o jif{sf] g]kfnL
;+uLtsf] Oltxf;df ;a} ;+uLt uLt -zAb_ åf/f lgb]{lzt / lgolGqt 5 . g]kfnL uLtsf]
;+/rgf Pp6f lglZrt ;+/rgfdf hsl8Psf] 5 h'g ;f]g]6 eGbf 5f]6f] 5 To;n] ;+uLtnfO{
slxNo} rfG6 eGbf dfyL p7\g lb+b}g . Nofl6g efiff …sGtf/]Ú af6 rfG6 ePsf] o;sf]
cy{ cWofTd;“u 5 . To;n] :t'tL, ehg, dlxdfk|lt cfu|x / cfnf]rgfTds r]tk|lt lgif]wsf]
efj /fV5 . Sofylng kmf/f3]/sf] syf
…df+S;Ú df Pp6f kfqn] rfG6 gufP/ cfˆg} nf]suLt
ufPsf]df ;hfo kfPsf] syf 5 . df+S; cfO{l/; ;d"xsf] aLrdf kg]{ cfn ckm Dofg
/fHodf j;f]jf; ug]{ cflbjf;L ;d'bfo xf] . pgLx?sf] ;+uLtdf s'g} klg /f]sfj6 /
bf]xf]l/g] k|j[ltut cfj[lt x'“b}g . /f]sfj6 / k'g/fj[lt rfG6sf] d'Vo k|j[ltut
ljz]iftf x'g\ . Ps b'O{ :j/sf] prfO{df
lgwf{l/t / lgolGqt eO/fVg' o;sf] ;Ldf xf] .
g]kfndf klxrfgsf] cfGbf]ngn] Pp6f r/0f kf/
ub}{ ubf{ …OG6/g]zgnÚ uLtsf] xjfnf lbP/ æsxf“ k5fl8 kmls{Psf] < cj t cGt/f{li6«o
hflt kf] x'g'k5{ .Æ eGg] k|ltlqmofx?
cfP . o; uLtdflysf] olt ljb'|k ljZn]if0f g]kfn jfx]s ;fob} sxL+ ePsf] xf]nf .
of] ?kjfbL k|j[ltsf] k/fsfi6f xf] . jf:tjdf sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ffkqsf] …ljZjsf] dhb'/ Ps xf}+Ú sf] dd{ g} of]
uLtsf] Ps dfq ;f/ xf] . o; uLtsf] n]vs ph]g k'l6o/ k]l/; sDo'gsf] Ps ;b:o lyP
hf] cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/x?sf] k|yd ;Dd]ng-;g\ !(^$_ df ;xefuL ePsf lyP . of] uLt
k]l/; sDo'gdflysf] bdg …An8L ljsÚ sf] lrq0f ug{' / >lds–dhb'/dfly x'g] bdg, xTof,
lx+;f / zf]if0f lj?4 n8\g ;+;f/el/sf] >lds–dhb'/nfO{ Ps x'g ul/Psf] cf≈jfg xf] . of]
uLtdf sxL+ klg …cGt/f{li6«o hfltÚ x'g]5 elgPsf] 5}g . of] uLtdf ;g\ !(&! df
k]l/; sDo'gdflysf] lx+;fTds / qm'/ bdgaf6 xtf]T;fxL ePsf >lds–dhb'/x?nfO{
;+3if{ ug{sf] nflu k'g;{+ul7t x'g] pTk|]/0ff lbg …cGt/f{li6«o >lds–dhb'/sf]
;+u7gÚ -;g\ !*^$–!*&^_ nfO{ …dfgj hfltsf] cleGg ;+u7gÚ agfpg] ;kgf b]lvPsf]
5 . uLtdf ePsf] zAb …cGt/f{li6«oÚ …cGt/f{li6«o >lds–dhb'/sf] ;+u7gÚnfO{
ul/Psf] 5f]6s/L ;Daf]wg xf] h'g ;+u7g dfgj hfltsf] cleGg ;+u7g o;sf/0f x'g]5 elgPsf]
5 ls Toxf“ dflg;– dflg;sf] jLrdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lje]b af“sL /xg] 5}g . k|To]s
dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ dflg;sf] ?kdf x]g]{5 . of] uLt ;+3if{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ Jofks
jgfpg ;+;f/sf] ;a} >lds–dhb'/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >lds–dhb'/sf]
;+u7gdf cfj4 x'g ;f] ;+u7g ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hflts} ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+u7g x'g]5 eg]/
ljZj:t t'Nofp“b} cfGbf]ngsf] nflu ul/Psf] cf≈jfg xf] .
ljleGg cfGbf]ng / kl/jt{gaf6 g]kfnL ;+uLt
nueu k|fo 6f9f 5 eGg' ;fx|} r'gf}ltk"0f{ ljZn]if0f xf] t/ jf:tljs s'/f
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] eGbf csf]{ xfdL vf]Hg ;Sb}gf}+ . g]kfnL ;+uLtd} cfhLjg sfd
ul//x]sf ;+uLtsf/x?nfO{ dfq bf]if lbP/ o;af6 xfdL pDsg ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdL ;a}
g]kfnL o;sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL 5f}+ / oxf“ p7fPsf] ;+uLtsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ljifo
k|fljlws ;+uLt eGbf a9L a[xQ/ ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf] ;+uLttkm{ nlIft 5
. ;ft ;fn, 5ofln; ;fn, hgo'4, ljleGg blnt, dw];L, d'l:nd, dlxnf, cflbjf;L
hghftL, l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf] cfGbf]ng / ^@÷ ^# sf] cfGbf]ngn] :yfkgf u/]sf]
dfGotf / kl/jt{gsf] efOa|];g g]kfnL ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngdf sxL+ klg 5}g .
ljleGg cfGbf]ng / kl/jt{gkl5 klg g]kfnL ;+uLtsf] cGtj{:t' pxL 5 . s'g} klg
cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj To;df 5}g . cfGbf]ng / kl/jt{gkl5 >f]tfn] clws ?rfO{Psf]
elgPsf kl5Nnf] ;dosf ;+uLtsf cGtj{:t' t emg\ k'/fgf] nf]suLtsf] e2f gSsnaf6
cTolws k|efljt 5g\ . tL uLtdf To:tf k|o'Qm zAbx? -y]uf]_sf] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\
h'g w]/} cl3 d[t eO;s]sf 5g\ . To:tf zAbx?sf] k|of]un] ?9Lut k/Dk/f /
clttk|ltsf] cltzoL df]xdfq JoQm ub}{gg\ ls ljleGg cfGbf]ngn] :yflkt u/]sf]
kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]w ;d]t ub{5g\ . To:tf] ;+uLt l;h{gfn] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L /
bfloTjnfO{ :jfGtM ;'vfoMsf] vfN8f]df dfq} n}hfb}g k|ltufdL / kZrufdL k|j[ltnfO{
;xof]u k'of{pg cfkm}+ To;sf] cleGg c+u aGg ;d]t k'U5 .
;+uLt dflg; / ;dfhaf6 cnUu} ljifo xf]Og .
of] ;dfhs} pTkfbg ePsf] sf/0fn] dflg; / ;dfhn] s:tf] ;f]R5 ;+uLt To;af6 k|efljt
x'G5 . xfdL s] ;f]R5f}+ ;+uLtn] phfuf/ u5{ . xfd|f] b]zsf] u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf,
wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / ltlgx?sf] cjnDjg z}nLn] xfd|f]
lrGtg k|0ffnLaf/] k|i6 kfb{5 . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] wd{lg/k]Ifsf] :ki6Ls/0fn] t ;+;f/nfO{
rlst t'NofO{lbPsf] 5 . ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf] ptf/ k5fl8 k'/fg} /fhg}lts k|j[lt /
zf;g k|0ffnL bf]xf]l/g] hf] k|j[lt 5 g]kfnL ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ngsf]
s]Gb|Lo / k|d'v cGtj{:t' ToxL x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt kl/jt{gzLn cfGbf]ngn]
xfdLnfO{ kl/jt{gsfdL jGg pl2kg u5{ . ;ft ;fnsf] k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / ;q ;fnsf]
dx]Gb|n] u/]sf] /fhgLlts s', ;trfln; ;fnsf] k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf / 1fg]Gb|n]
u/]sf] /fhgLlts s' / a};¶L lq;¶Lsf] cfGbf]ngn] :yfkgf u/]sf] kl/jt{gsfdL Joj:yf
/ To;kl5sf] /fhgLlts ljkof{; ult ;a}n] rfG6sf] Ps sbd cl3 a9\g] / b'O{ sbdkl5
x6\g] k|j[ltut ljz]iftf af]Sg' ;+of]u dfq} xf]Og . jf:tjdf of] xfdL s;/L
;f]R5f}+ eGg] s'/fsf] ha/h:t kl/0ffd xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# /
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] l:kl/6 x]of}{+ eg] cem Tof] :ki6 x'G5 . ;+uLt
Oltxf;sf] clen]v xf] . k~rfot sfndf /lrPsf g]kfnL ;+uLtn] lj=;= @)#& ;fnsf]
hgdt ;+u|xsf] kl/0ffddf e"ldsf v]Ng] tTjx?, To;sf] dgf]lj1fg, ;du| k~rfot
sfnsf] /fhgLlts r]tgfaf/] ;+s]t ub{5g\ t/ To;df k~rfosfnsf] ljsNksf] cfjfh, cfGbf]ng /
cGtj{:t' sxL+ klg 5}g . xfd|f] ;+uLt lje]b / zf]if0f ljBdfg /x“bf klg c;fWo}
efj's, cg'zfl;t / ;flng 5g\ . xfd|f clws qmflGtsf/L uLtx?n] cf≈jfg xf]]Og cfb]z
-km/dfg_ hf/L u5{g\ . /fli6«o uLtn] t emg\ lje]bsf] cGTo ljgf g} /fli6«o Pstf
;Dej x'G5 eGg] ;+Zn]if0f ub}{ wfld{s u'?sf dxfg\ pkb]zsf] cefjnfO{ k'lt{ ug]{
;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ .
rLgn] klxnf] rf]6L sf]le8 –!( sf] lgoGq0f
ug{ ;kmn ePkl5 j'xfgjf;Ln] eg]– æsf]le8–!( dflysf] ljhokl5 tkfO{x?n] dflg;x?
cem a9L c;n ePsf] kfpg' x'g]5 .Æ pgLx?sf] of] ;+s]t
u/fO{ ;+s6sf] sf/0fn] j}olQms :jfy{sf] 7fp“df ljsl;t ePsf] ;fd'lxs lxtsf] ;f]rk|lt
nlIft lyof] . xfd|f] ;fd'lxs lxtsf] ;f]r, /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o lrGtg / ljlzi6 Ifdtf gfcf]dL Sn]gsf] ;s 8lS6«g k|of]u u/L e'sDkkl5
NofPsf] ;+ljwfg / sf]le8–!( af6 r/d ?kdf
k|tfl8t eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf NofOPsf] k6s k6ssf] cWofb]z / ;+;b lj36gn] 5n{Ë
agfOlbPsf] 5 . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gkl5 ;'? ePsf] lg/Gt/ kZrudgsf]
lznlznfsf] lj?4 n8\g] g}ltstf xfn /x]sf] s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn;“u gx'g'n] clxn]sf]
g]kfnL /fhgLlts kof{j/0fsf] eofjxjf/] jtfp“5 . ;+;b lj36g lj?4df p7]sf] gful/s
cfGbf]ngdf ul/Psf] ljleGg ;f+:s[lts :6G6x?n] cfGbf]ngsf] ;+uLtnfO{ ljb|'kLs/0f
u/]sf] oyfy{jf/] xfdL ;a} hfgsf/ 5f}+ . of] Ps k|sf/n] cfGbf]ngsf] ;+uLtsf]
eofgs ljifofGt/0f ug]{ r]i6f xf] . of]] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ds'08f] / df:ssf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] oyfy{
k|df0f xf] .
cfkm' cg's"n ePdf dfq kl/jt{gnfO{
:jLsf/ u/]h:tf] ug]{ cj;/jfbL qmflGtsfl/tf / P]Soj4tf, JolQmjfbL / d'bf{jfbL
zflGt lrGtg, bnfn k'“hLjfbL / jr{ZjjfbL /fli6«o Pstf / cfkm'nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] atf]{Nt
a|]Vtsf] sljtf …r]lª\hª b l≈jnÚ sf] h:tf] k|j[lt af]Sg] k|j[ltsf] af]nafnf g}
cfhsf] g]kfnL ;+uLtsf] lgld{ltsf] k|d'v sf/s xf] . xfdL g]kfnL /fli6«o Pstfk|lt
olt k|ltj4 5f}+ ls lje]b lj?4sf] s'g} klg cfjfh x/]s rf]6L /fli6«o Pstfsf]
lvnfkmdf x'G5 / To;sf] 3f“6L lgdf]7\g' g} ;j}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6«jfbL sfo{ x'G5 eGg]
;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f x'g uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Pp6f 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ Pp6f hft jf
wd{nfO{ k|>o lbg] u/L …;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;DklQÚ sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;a} ;+ljwfgn] ;DklQnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe't u/]sf] 5
. ;+s6sfn afx]s cGo cj:yfdf df}lns xs lgnDag gx'g] ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dd{ cg';f/
df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] xs lj=;+= @))$ b]lv cfh;Dd lgnDagdf 5 . o;
cy{df g]kfndf lj=;+= @))$ b]lv cfh;Dd ;+s6sfn 5 . cfh blnt, d'l:nd, cflbjf;L
hghftL / l;dfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ of] b]zdf Pp6f 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ eGbf klg tNnf] txdf
af“Rg afWo kfl/Psf] 5
. b]zsf] ljleGg 7fp“df blnt, d'l:nd, cflbjf;L hghflt / l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf]
xhf/f}+ dflg;x? cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] ef]u u/]sf] cleof]udf h]ndf ;hfo e'Qmfg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] xfdLnfO{ :jefljs nfUg] eO;s]sf] 5 . :jefljstf lgis[otf,
lgn{Hhtf, lje]b / zf]if0fk|ltsf]
P]Soj4tf xf] . o; af/]df af]Ng' kg]{ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u sxf“ 5 < gful/s
cfGbf]ng sxf“ 5 < af}l4s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / cfnf]rgfTds r]t ePsf] ;r]t gful/s
xfdL sxf“ 5f}+ < df}gtfsf]
klg kIfw/tf x'G5 / kmfObf ;w}+ kZrufdLnfO{ k'U5 . xfdL cfGbf]ng klg ls:tfjGbLdf
u5f}{+ . xfdL lje]bsf] cGTo klg ls:tfaGbL u5f}{+ . xfdL s'/Llt, s';+:sf/ /
?9Lut dfgl;stfsf] cGTo klg ls:tfjGbLdf u5f}{+ . xfdL ^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng eGbf
w]/} k5fl8 kmls{;s]sf 5f}+ . kl5Nnf] ljBdfg /fhgLlts cj:yf Ps}rf]6L ck|Toflzt
tl/sfn] cfPsf] xf]Og of] xfd|f] JolQmjfbL lrGtg, …;j} hgfj/ ;dfg 5g\ t/ s]xL
hgfj/ clws g} ;dfg 5g\ .Ú egL 7fGg] ?9Lu|:t, hftjfbL ;f]r, bf;k|j[lt, x'Nn8jfh / eL8tGqjfbL dfgl;stfsf] lg/Gt/ k|j[ltsf]
pkh xf] . x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xfdL Ps b'O{ hgf sfstfnL /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf
vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ . ;d:of cGt} 5 xfdL ;dfwfg cGt} vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ . ;+;b lj36g
;txdf cfPsf] Pp6f kl/b[Zo dfq xf] . jf:tjdf ;txdf gcfPsf] ljifo cg]s 5g\ h;n]
clxn] g]kfnsf] d"n sfg'g ;+ljwfg Ps geP/ cg]s ePsf] k'i6L ub{5g\ . s'g}
klg sfg'gsf] cg]stf sfg"g / Gofoljlxgtfsf] cj:yf xf] . ;+;b lj36g lj?4sf]
cfGbf]ngdf b]lvPsf dflg;x?sf] km/s km/ssf] k|b{zg z}nLn] k|ltudg lj?4sf w]/}
cfGbf]ng cem} af“sL /x]sf] af/] ;+s]t ul/lbPsf] 5 . lxhf]
cfGbf]ngdf ;u}+ x'g]x?sf] cfh csf]{ cfGbf]ngdf d'7e]8 x'g] l:yltn] k|ltudgsf]
ax'?k / ax'txnfO{ pbfËf] agfO{lbPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fjfbL a}rfl/s lg/Gt/tf eGbf
/fhgLlts / ;fF:s[lts Sofdf]ˆn]h eofgs x'G5 .
oxL sf/0f g]kfnsf] ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?n] :yflkt u/]sf] kl/jt{g k6s k6s lj3l6t
x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
cGofo hxfF ;'s} xf];\ To;n] ;a} 7fpFdf
vt/f k}bf u5{ . dfl6{g lgdf]n/sf] :jLsf/f]lQm h:tf] xfdLn] c?dfly x'g] zf]if0f
/ bdgsf] lj?4 jf]n]gf}+ eg] xfdLdflysf] lje]b / zf]if0f lj?4 af]Ng] sf]xL klg
afFsL /xb}g . c?dfly lje]b, zf]if0f / cTofrf/ x'Fbf rflx+ df}g j:g] clg cfkm'nfO{
;d:of x'Fbf sf]xL af]n]gg\ eg]/ u'gf;f] ug]{ k|j[ltn] lje]bsf] cGTo x'Fb}g . ;Dk"0f{
cfGbf]ngsf] jLrdf Pstf eP dfq ;Dk"0f{ lje]b, zf]if0f / cTofrf/sf] cGTo
;Dej x'G5 / /fli6«o Pstf sfod x'G5 .
cfOG:6fOgsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f t/Ë /
k|zf/0f;DaGwL eljioaf0fL ;xL ;fljt ePkl5 lzIff, :jf:Yo, lj1fg, /fhgLlt,
;dfhzf:q, cy{zf:q, ;flxTo, snf / ;+uLt nufot ;Dk"0f{ ljifodfly To;sf]
k|efj;DaGwL ljleGg sf]0faf6 5nkmn, ax; / ljZn]if0f eO/x]sf] 5 . vuf]nzf:qL ;faf]r{
dfsf{sf] cg';f/–æof] If0f;Dd xfd|f] cfFvf cfsfzdf lyof] / xfdLn]
u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] t/Ësf] ;+uLt ;'Gg ;s]sf lyPgf}+ . cj xfdLn] of] ;+uLt ;'g]sf
5f}+ / cj cfsfz pxL /xg] 5}g .Æ cfsfz cgGttfsf] ljDj xf] / u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] t/Ësf] cl:tTj / To;sf] ;+uLtn] cfsfzsf] kl/jt{gzLntfnfO{ cfh phfuf/ /
k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . kl/jt{glzntf ;hLj x'g'sf] Ps dfq k|df0f xf] . ultlzntf /
cGt/lqmof ;+uLtsf] hGdsf] klxnf] zt{ xf] . kl/jt{gnfO{ ;j}eGbf ;'Id tj/n]
;+uLtn] cleJoQm ub{5 . ;dfhsf] kl/jt{glzntf / ;hLjtf xfdL ;+uLtsf] dfWodåf/f
klxrfg ug{ ;S5f}+ . s'g} klg cfGbf]ngsf] ckl/xfo{tf kl/jt{gsfdL b[li6«sf]0f /
k|j[ltdf x'G5 . s'g} klg ;dfhsf] cfGbf]ng To; ;dfhsf] ;+uLt xf] h;n] ;dfhsf]
r]tgfnfO{ cu|ufdL / kl/jt{gsfdL agfpg pl2kg u5{ . ljleGg cfGbf]ng / kl/jt{gsf]
t/Ë / pdªun] g} ;+uLtdf cGtlg{lxt cfGbf]ng / cGtj{:t'nfO{ k|of0fsf/L agfpg]
ePsf]n] ;dfhnfO{ ultlzn / cu|ufdL agfpg] ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f ug{ cfGbf]ng /
kl/jt{gnfO{ dxz'if ug{', lrGtg ug{' / To;k|lt cfˆgf] l;h{gfsf] dfWodåf/f k|ltlqmof / cleJolQm lbg' h?/L x'G5 .
